• 2006-09-19

    汉语量词与英文用法对照(Comparison between Chinese Words of Measurement and Their English Equivalents

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    http://51xuehaoenglish.blogbus.com/logs/3357392.html

    量词是现代汉语11类词中的一种,运用非常普遍,大约有500多个量词。除了表以外,它的一个显著特点就是习惯搭配。即使是华人也有弄错的时候,学中文的外国人更是头疼。所以正确认识量词,准确翻译汉语量词也是很重要的。英语中没有像汉语这样的量词分类,但有类似的用法和修辞结构,如quantitive determinatives(量词限定词),portative(量词),quantifiers(量词)。它们之间有相同之处,但更多的是差异。因而,本节以一定的版面来分析其不同结构和用法,不过,更多的还是靠读者自己潜心收集认识,才能掌握如何翻译。

      1、一群
        
    一群人  a crowdgroupmultitudethrongarmyteamclass of peoplea gangswarmhordepackband of peoplein a derogatory way
      troop 通常指聚在一起活动的、生气勃勃的一群人。如:
      a troop of demonstratorsshoppersvisitors
      bevy 特指女性的一群,有时指鸟类,尤指鹌鹑或云雀。如:
      a bevy of actressesyoung womenladiesshop girlsquails
      表贬义的一群有:a mob of angry peopleriotersslavesliarsblackguards
      horde 原意为游牧部落,通常含有轻蔑色彩:
      a horde of lazy-bonesswindlerslocustshooligans
      bandgang 常指
        a band of robbersgangstersthievesoutlaws
        a gang of criminalsslavesprisoners
        一群牛、象、马、天鹅 a herd of cattleelephantshorsesswans
        一群鸟 a flock of birdsgeesehensgoatsswallowssheepchickens
        一群猎狗 a pack of houndswolvesgrouse
        一群狐狸 a skulk of foxes
        一群狮子 a pride of lions
        一群星星 a cluster of stars
        一群鱼 a schoolshoal of fishshrimps
        一群马 a studdrove of horses
        一群鹅 a gaggleflock of geese
        一群蚊子/蝴蝶 a swarm of mosquitoesbutterflies
        一群(窝)蚂蚁 a colony of antsbees
        一群建筑物 a clumpcomplex of buildings

      2、一丝/点/层/片
        一片草皮 a chunk of turf
        一丝睡意 a wink of sleep
        一丝怀疑 a shadow of doubt
        一点点工作 a stroke of work
        一线未来之光 a glimpse of future
        一缕月光 a streak of moonlightamberfig
        一丝绿意;一片绿色 a tint of green
        一片心意 a small token of our hearts
        一丝嫉妒;一阵窘迫 a slight twinge of jealousyembarrassment
        一丝恻隐之心 a sign of sympathy for...
        一丝懊悔 a slight twinge of remorse
        一层霜/雪/糖霜 a layer of frostsnowcream
        一丝失望的眼神 a flicker of disappointment
        (剩下)一口气/一丝气 a sparkbreath of life
        一丝失望的情绪 a taintfaint of disappointment
        一片漆黑 completely darkdismal nightpitch dark
        一片汪洋 a flood of  water

      3、英译一阵,颇有学问,且看以下译例
        
    (突然爆发出的)一阵哭泣/喝彩/炮击/雷声
        a burst of tearscheersgunfirethunder
        (量如洪水的)一阵泪雨/瓢泼大雨/夸夸其谈
        a flood of tearsrainboasts
      少量或稀疏的
        
    一阵(小)雨/射击 a spatter of rainbullets
         一阵稀疏的掌声/喝彩 a spatter of applausecheers

      声响很大的
       
       
    一阵隆隆的炮声/雷声 a peal of artillerythunder
      突然而猛烈的
        
    一阵暴雨/狂风/烈火 a gustblast of rainwindflame
      持续短暂的
        
    一阵怒气/激情/咳嗽 a fit of angerpassioncoughing
        一阵呕吐 a vomiting fit

      持续一段时间的
        一阵厄运/暑热 a spell of bad lucksummer heat
        一阵寒潮 a cold spell of weather
        一阵昏厥 a fainting spell
        (针捻刀刺般的)一阵内疚/牙痛/风湿痛 a twinge of remorsetoothacherheumatism
        一阵尴尬 a twinge of embarrassment
        (抽搐或颤抖的)一阵痛苦/伤心/咳嗽/激动 a spasm of paingriefcoughingexcitement

      雹打雨淋般的
        一阵轰炸/打击/咒骂 a hail of bombsblowscurse
        一阵弹雨/批评 a shower of bulletscriticism

      更多的例子
        一阵欢乐 an agony of joy
        一阵子爱意 a flush of love
        一点点工作 a stroke of work
        一阵心脏病发作 a stroke of heart attack
        一点点满足 a crumb of satisfaction
        一种混乱的政治局面 a chaos of politics

      4一阵为何有这么多不同的译法
      其实原因很简单,汉语一阵这个数量词不含修辞色彩,可用于各类描述;而在英语中,一阵这个概念则是由许多不同的名词来表述的,而且这些词一般分别具有不同的修辞色彩。如:
        spatter “少量稀疏之义;
        peal 专指一阵响亮或轰鸣的声音;
        twinge 特指肉体或心灵上的一阵剧烈的刺痛;
        burst 泛指突然爆发出的一阵,有突如其来之感;
        hail shower的比喻色彩也很浓,有雹打雨淋之感;
        spell常用于描述天气、疾病等,表持续一阵子;
        flood一词比喻色彩浓厚,给人以量如洪水,滔滔不绝之感;
        gust则专指风、雨、雹、火、烟等的突然而猛烈的一阵。也可用喻感情的猛烈进发;
        fit常指持续时间短暂的一阵——尤指疾病的短暂发作或感情的短暂进发;
        spasm原指痉挛,抽搐,用于动作、感情的一阵突发时,表抽搐或浑身颤抖之感。
      由此可见,英译一阵,宜细心推敲,酌情翻译。

      5、其他类似的汉译英所用的修辞性的用法
      a)暗喻Metaphor
        一串香蕉a hand of bananas
        颗颗汗珠beads of sweat
        一长串汽车a string of cars
        很大的朋友圈a large circle of friends

      b)借代Metonymy
        一串珍珠  a rope of pearls
        一炉钢 a heat of steel
        一年三熟  three crops a year
        一大群飞机 a cloud of planes
        林立的烟囱 a forest of chimneys
        一片沙滩 a beach of sands
      c)夸张Hyperbole
        多如牛毛的问题 a sea of troubles
        一大笔钱 a pile of money
        勃然大怒 a wave of anger
        开怀大笑 gales of laughter
        无数次 heaps of times
        小不点 a dot of child
        一小撮敌人 a pinch of enemy
        滔滔不绝的话语 a flood of words

      6、英语常用单位词及汉语对应词(Commonly-used unit nouns and their Chinese equivalents
        piece块;片;段;项;件;篇;首;幅;张
        a piece of breadpaperwoodfurniturelandadvicenewsmeatclothmusic...
        bit一点;一些;一片 
        a bit of waterwoodgrasstrouble...
        item条;则;项
        an item of newsinformationbusinessprogramme...
        article件;项;条
        an article of furnitureclothingluggageexport...
        grain粒;颗
        a grain of riccewheatsaltsand...
        drop
        a drop of wateroilrainblooddew...
        slice薄片
        a slice of meatbreadcakeham...
        cake
        a cake of soapmudice...
        bar块;条
        a bar of chocolatecandysoap...
        ear
        an ear of cornricewheatmillet...
        loaf块;条
        a loaf of bread...
        lump块;团
        a lump of claysugarearth...
        spiral
        a spiral of mosquito incense...
        card
        a card of buttons
        pack副;盒
        a pack of cardscigarettes

        fistfuls)一把
        a fistful of sandrice...
        handfuls)一把
        a handful of soil...
        armfuls)一抱
        an armful of flowers...
        cupfuls)一杯
        four cupfuls of jam...
        mouthfuls)一口
        a mouthful of snowwhys...
        spoonfuls)一汤匙
        a spoonful of sugar...
        spadefuls)一铲
        a spadeful of coal...
        bagfuls)一袋
        a bagful of letters...

      但an eyeful of…的意思是……大饱眼福

        truckload一货车
        a truckload of apples...
        shipload一船
        a shipload of TV sets...
        lorryload一卡车
        a lorryload of iron...
        fit一阵子
        a fit of coughingfeverlaughteranger...
        ray一线
        a ray of hopeintelligencesunlight…
        peal一阵
        a peal of thunderlaughterapplause...
        flash闪现一下
        a flash of hopelighteningwit...
        display炫耀一下
        a display of powercourageforcelearningskill...
        attack一疾病的发作
        an attack of fevermalaria
        group组;群;批
        a group of students...
        team队:组
        a team of expertsfootballersscientists...
        gang帮;伙;群;队;组
        a gang of fourthievesrobbers...
        army大群;队
        an army of beggarsantsbees...
        troop群;伙
        a troop of soldiers...
        host大群
        a host of friendsheroes...
        pack群;伙
        a pack of liarsthievesrascalshounds...
        band帮;伙
        a band of musicplayers)/brigands...
        choir队;组;群
        a choir of singers...
        bunch串;束;挂;群;帮;伙
        a bunch of bananasfoolsflowerskeysthieves
        bouquet束;把
        bouquet of flowers
        string串;挂;节
        a string of beadspearlswordsthread
        sheaf p1sheaves捆;束
        a sheaf of wheatarrowspapers
        crew帮;伙;全体
        a crew of sailorspilots
        party组;伙;批
        a party of guestschildren...
        batch
        a batch of letterstelegramsvisitors...
        gaggle
        a gaggle of geesegirls...
        litter一窝
        a litter of kittenslittle pigletspuppies...
        herd
        a herd of elephantsdeercattle...s
        swarm
        a swarm of antslocustsbeespeoplestars...
        cluster串;束;群;组
        a cluster of flowersgrapesbeesislandsstars...
        a cluster of butterfliesgrapesberriesconsonantshouses
        brood窝;群;组
        a brood of chickenspaintingsthieves...
        school
        a school of whalesdolphins...
        shoal
        a shoal of fishwhalespeople...
        flock
        a flock of geesebirdspigeonsducksvisitorscustomers...
        dozen一打
        a dozenofpencilseggsred roses...
        gross一罗
        a gross of nailspencilscan openers...
        pile一大堆
        a pile of what-ifs一大堆假定
        mound一大堆
        a moundmouthfulmaybes满嘴的可能
        clump一群
        a clump of islandsbuildings
        school流派
        the school of traditional grammar
        train一列
        a train of cars一列火车厢
        pot一锅
        a pot of soupteawater...
        fleck
        a fleck of snow...

      7、 汉英表量的对应名词(Quantity and amount in both languages
      中英文都有表量的手法,除了常见的平铺直叙的说法,还有一些修辞性说法。如:
        a sea of peopleflamesbloodflagsflowershappy faces 如海般的/如潮一样的人群;火海;血海;旗海;花海;无数幸福的面孔
        an ocean of troubletimespacecheering 无穷的麻烦;无休止的时间;浩瀚的宇宙;欢乐的海洋
        a scene of great rejoicing 一片欢腾
        a chorus of protestpraise 一片抗议之声/赞扬之声
        a trove of Chinese porcelain 一批中国磁器
        a grove of cocoanutbamboo 一片椰林/竹林
        a blaze of lights 一片灯火
        a mountain of debtsrubbishmoneydirty clothes 债台高筑/垃圾如山;家财万贯;一大堆脏衣服
        a mass of imagesfactsfiguresdata 大量的图像/事实/数据等
        a rainstorm of tearsashesarrowsbullets 嚎啕大哭;尘土蒙蒙;一阵箭雨,一阵弹雨
        a storm of applausecriticismcheering 一阵暴雨般的掌声;激烈的批评;狂热的欢呼
        a gale of laughterexcitement 阵阵欢笑;一阵激动
        a flood of tearswords1ightterror 泪如潮涌;滔滔言辞;一片光明;一片恐惧
        a store of learningexperience 知识渊博;经验丰富
        a wealth of experiencedatatroublesgoodgoods 经验丰富;丰富数据;问题多多;大有好处;商品丰富
        a surfeit of fooddrug dosage过量的食品;过量的药品
        a succession of defeat接二连三的挫败
        a world of goodsfoodpleasuremeaningto do sb a world of goodharm
        a forest of hillsflagschimneyshands
      这些表量的手法也可用复数,像lots ofthousands of一样,如seas ofmountains ofstores ofswarms ofthunders ofshowers of in showersin storesin numbers
        agreatnumber of books 许多的书
        numbers of peoples 许多的民族
        a quantity of energy 大量的能量
        quantities of oxidize 大量的氧化酶
        an amount of material 大量的材料
        small amount of water 少量的水
        The amount of energy possessed by a given quantity of radiation depends strictly on its frequency.一定量的辐射所拥有的能量完全基于其频率。
        The total amount of radiation 辐射的总量
        What's the size? 尺码多少?
        What's the linear size of the Galaxy? 银河系的直线长度是多少?
        the linear dimensions 直线尺寸
        all sizes of gloves 各种尺码的手套
        (in)all shapes and sizes 大大小小,各式各样
        (in)life size (如)实物大小
        What are the dimensions of the room? 这房间的长、宽、高各多少?
        the dimensions of the solar system 太阳系的范围
        the dimensions of a building lot 一座建筑物的准确面积
        the magnitude of this angle 这角度的大小
        the value of the balloon 气球的体积
        the value of this correction 修正值
        the extent of a judge’s powerhis knowledge 法官的权力范围/他的知识面
        be…in lengthwidthheightdiameterperimetershapesize
        be…in quantityamountgreat numbersextentdimensionvalue

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    语法学习 2006-09-19

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